ASTM E300-03(2009)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E300 − 03 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Industrial Chemicals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E180Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling several
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
classes of industrial chemicals. It also includes recommenda-
tionsfordeterminingthenumberandlocationofsuchsamples,
3. Terminology
to ensure their being representative of the lot in accordance
with accepted probability sampling principles. 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 simple liquid—a single-phase liquid having a Reid
1.2 Although this practice describes specific procedures for
vaporpressureoflessthan110kPaat37.8°C(16psiat100°F)
sampling various liquids, solids, and slurries, in bulk or in
and a Saybolt viscosity of less than 10 000 s (2160 cSt) at
packages,theserecommendationsonlyoutlinetheprinciplesto
25°C.
be observed. They should not take precedence over specific
3.1.2 lot—a discreet quantity of material. It may contain a
sampling instructions contained in other ASTM product or
singlebatchorseveralbatches,orbetheproductofcontinuous
method standards.
processbrokenintounitsonthebasisoftimeorshipment.Itis
1.3 These procedures are covered as follows:
very desirable that individual batches in a lot be specifically
Sections
identifiedsothattheymaybecomeindividualorstratifiedunits
Statistical Considerations 7–11
for inspection.
Simple Liquids 12–27
Solids 28–35
3.1.3 average sample—one that consists of proportionate
Slurries 36–41
parts from all sections of the container.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 spotsample—asampletakenataspecificlocationina
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tank or from a flowing stream in a pipe at a specific time.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.5 composite sample—a blend of spot samples mixed in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
proportion to the volumes of material from which the spot
tionary statements are given in Sections 6, 19, 20, 30, 34 and
samples were obtained.
37.
3.1.6 all-levels sample—one obtained by submerging a
closed sampler to a point as near as possible to the draw-off
2. Referenced Documents
level,thenopeningthesamplerandraisingitataratesuchthat
2.1 ASTM Standards:
it is about three fourths full as it emerges from the liquid. An
D270Method of Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
all-levels sample is not necessarily an average sample because
ucts
the tank volume may not be proportional to the depth and
D2234/D2234MPractice for Collection of a Gross Sample
becausetheoperatormaynotbeabletoraisethesampleratthe
of Coal
variable rate required for proportionate filling. The rate of
filling is proportional to the square root of the depth of
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic
immersion.
Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D16.15 on Industrial and Specialty General Standards.
NOTE 1—The tube sampling procedure, 26.3, may be used to obtain an
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
all-levels sample from a drum.
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E300–03. Discon-
3.1.7 upper sample—a spot sample obtained from the
tinued 2001. Reinstated as E300–03. DOI: 10.1520/E0300-03R09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or middle of the upper third of the tank contents (Fig. 1).
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
on www.astm.org. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E300 − 03 (2009)
3.1.13 outletsample—aspotsamplenormallyobtainedwith
the inlet opening of the sample apparatus at the level of the
bottom of the tank outlet (either fixed or a swing line outlet)
(Fig. 1).
3.1.14 continuous sample—a spot sample obtained from a
pipeline conveying the product in such a manner as to give a
representative average of the stream throughout the period of
transit.
3.1.15 jar sample—a spot sample obtained by placing a jar
into the path of a free-flowing stream so as to collect a definite
volume from the full cross section of the stream.
3.1.16 mixed sample—a spot sample obtained after mixing
orvigorouslystirringthecontentsoftheoriginalcontainer,and
then pouring out or drawing off the quantity desired.
3.1.17 tube or thief sample—a spot sample obtained with a
sampling tube or special thief, either as a core sample or spot
sample from the specified point in the container.
3.1.18 drain sample—a spot sample obtained from the
draw-off or discharge valve. Occasionally, a drain sample may
be the same as a bottom sample, as in the case of a tank car.
FIG. 1 Sampling Depths
3.1.19 bottom sample—a spot sample obtained from the
material on the bottom surface of the tank, container, or line at
NOTE 2—The taking of samples from various levels of the tank permits
the detection of variation in composition of the contents caused by
itslowestpoint(Fig.1).(Drainandbottomsamplesareusually
stratification. If it is known that the contents are not subject to this
taken to check for water, sludge, scale, etc.).
variation, the taking of samples at multiple levels may be eliminated.
3.1.20 laboratory sample—thatportionofthesamplewhich
3.1.8 middle sample—a spot sample obtained from the
is sent for laboratory testing.
middle of the tank contents (Fig. 1)(Note 2).
3.1.9 lower sample—a spot sample of liquid from the
4. Summary of Practice
middle of the lower one-third of the tank’s content (a distance
4.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed for
of one-half of the depth of liquid below the liquid’s surface)
obtaining samples of several classes of industrial chemicals. It
(Fig. 1).
addresses in detail the various factors which need to be
3.1.10 single-tank composite sample—a blend of the upper,
considered to obtain a representative laboratory sample. This
middle,andlowersamples.Foratankofuniformcrosssection,
practicealsocoversthestatisticalconsiderationsinsamplingof
such as an upright cylindrical tank, the blend consists of equal
industrial chemicals whether they are liquids, solids or slurries
partsofthethreesamples.Forahorizontalcylindricaltank,the
in bulk or in packages.
blendconsistsofthethreesamplesintheproportionsshownin
Table 1. 5. Significance and Use
3.1.11 compartment-tank composite sample (ship, barge,
5.1 Representative samples of industrial chemicals are re-
etc.)—a blend of individual all-levels samples from each
quired for the determination of chemical and physical proper-
compartment, which contains the product being sampled, in ties which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and
proportion to the volume of material in each compartment.
compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.
3.1.12 top sample—a spot sample normally obtained 150
5.2 The objective of sampling is to obtain a small portion
mm (6 in.) below the top surface of the tank contents (Fig. 1).
(spot sample) of material from a selected area within a
container which is representative of the material in the area or,
TABLE 1 Sampling Instructions for Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks in the case of running or all-level samples, a sample whose
composition is representative of the total material in the
Sampling Level, Percent of Composite Sample
Liquid Depth,
Diameter Above Bottom Proportionate Parts of
Percent of container.Aseries of spot samples may be combined to create
Diameter
Upper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower
a representative sample.
100 80 50 20 3 4 3
5.3 Manual and Automatic Sampling Considerations—The
90 75 50 20 3 4 3
80 70 50 20 2 5 3 selection of manual or automatic sampling devices is part of
70 . 50 20 1 5 4
establishing a sampling plan applied under all conditions
60 . 50 20 . 5 5
within the scope of this practice provided that the proper
50 . 40 20 . 4 6
40 . . 20 . . 10 sampling procedures are followed. Both types of sampling are
30 . . 15 . . 10
commonly used for liquid, solid, and slurry sampling and
20 . . 10 . . 10
require adherence to the following:
10 . . 5 . . 10
5.3.1 An adequate frequency of sampling must be selected.
E300 − 03 (2009)
5.3.2 The equipment to support manual or automatic sam- 7.1.4 Theobjectivemaybetoobtainsimultaneousestimates
pling systems may be obtained commercially, fabricated from ofthemeanandvarianceortomakedecisionsaboutsomejoint
the designs presented in this practice, or constructed as needed combination of these estimates.
to satisfy process design or other specific requirements. 7.1.5 Ifthematerialcomesincontainersorcanbeviewedas
5.3.3 The sampling equipment must be maintained on a coming in clearly demarked units, the objective may be that of
regular basis, and the sampling plan adopted must be strictly estimating the number of such units outside of specifications,
followed. that is, the “fraction defective.”
NOTE3—Proceduresaregivenbelowforestimatingaveragequalityand
6. Safety Precautions
for applying acceptance sampling inspection based on the lot mean.
6.1 This practice covers procedures and sampling equip-
8. General Sampling Considerations
ment used to sample industrial chemicals that may be poten-
8.1 To obtain samples that are representative in a statistical
tially hazardous to personnel or the environment.Accordingly,
sense, one must consider such factors as physical form,
it is emphasized that all applicable safety rules, regulations,
uniformity, type and number of containers, etc. All of these
and procedures must be followed in handling and processing
factors influence the choice of method for performing the
the chemicals. Furthermore, this practice does not purport to
sampling operation, as well as the number and location of the
cover all safety aspects associated with sampling. However, it
required samples. Two commonly used practices for selecting
ispresumedthatthepersonnelperformingsamplingoperations
the sequence or location of the individual samples are de-
are adequately trained with regard to safe application of the
scribed.
procedurescontainedhereinforthespecificsamplingsituation.
8.2 RandomSamplingisachievedwheneverypartofthelot
6.2 The characteristics of the material to be sampled will
has an equal chance of being drawn into the sample.
govern the type of protective equipment required. Since
8.2.1 Designate all units in the lot, choosing numbers in
sampling may present such hazards as splashing or spilling,
sequence or other serial code so that sampling by random
protectiveclothingmustbewornwhenthechemicaliscapable
numbers can be employed.
of producing eye or skin irritation or burns. During such
8.2.2 Preferably,thissequenceshouldbeindirectrelationto
potential exposures, chemical-type goggles or face shield and
orderofmanufactureofpackagingasanaidtoobserving,from
protective gloves, or combination thereof, must be worn.
the sample results, any evidence of stratification.
6.3 Respiratory protection, where required, must be in good
8.2.3 Random selection of the numbers should be accom-
condition and must be suitable to protect against chemicals
plishedbychanceorpreferablybytheuseofatableofrandom
being handled.
numbers.
6.4 When sampling chemicals that may be dangerous to life
8.3 StratifiedSamplingcanbeemployedtoestimateaverage
by skin absorption, oral ingestion, or by breathing the vapor,
quality when it is known or suspected that the value of a
unusual precautions will be indicated. In such cases, full-body
propertyofthematerialvariesinnon-randomfashionthrough-
protection such as supplied by a gas-tight or one-piece air-
out the lot for the following typical reasons: (a) the lot may
supplied suit should be worn. A second person must be
contain several production batches, (b) the lot may contain
continuously present to summon help and render aid in the
units produced by different procedures, equipment, shifts, etc.,
event of an emergency.
or (c) the lot may be non-uniform because of subsequent size
5 segregation, moisture pickup, surface oxidation, etc. If the
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
assumedpatterniscorrect,thevarianceofthepopulationmean
estimatewillbelessthanthatbasedonrandomsampling.Ifthe
7. Objectives
assumptions are incorrect, the estimate of the mean may be
7.1 The sampling and testing of industrial chemicals may
biased. A stratified sample can be obtained as follows:
have one or more of the following objectives:
8.3.1 Based on the known or suspected pattern, divide the
7.1.1 The objective may be to estimate the average quality
lot into a number of real or imaginary strata.
characteristic of a given lot of material and to establish
8.3.2 If these sections are not equal in size, the number of
confidence limits for this average. This would be the main
samples to be taken from each stratum must be proportional to
objective, for example, if a dollar value is to be placed on the
the size of the various strata.
material for customs purposes or for sale.
8.3.3 Further subdivide the major strata into real or imagi-
7.1.2 The objective may be to decide whether the average
nary subsections and select the required number of samples by
value for the lot meets a specification. This calls for an
chance or preferably by means of a table of random numbers.
acceptancesamplingplanwiththecriterionbeingrelatedtothe
9. Estimate of Average Quality
estimated mean of the lot.
7.1.3 The objective may be to estimate or make decisions
9.1 DeterminationoftheVarianceofaSampleMean—Ifthe
about the variability of a quality characteristic within the lot.
material comes in, or can be viewed as coming in, realizable
primary units, each of which are to be divided into realizable
secondary units, and if n primary units are selected at random
b
from a lot of N primary units, and if n secondary units are
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